- What is Progressive Multiple Sclerosis?
- Statistics
- Risk Factors
- Progression
- Symptoms
- Clinical Examination
- References
What is Progressive Multiple Sclerosis?
This article is only available to professionals. Please log in on the right hand side of the page to view this article.
References
Acknowledgement to Jane for teaching me about MS.
(Article kindly written by Dr Jeremy Hallpike, MB(Lond.), MD(Lond.), FRCP(Lond.), FRACP; Emeritus Neurologist, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Editorial Advisory Board Member; Virtual Neuro Centre; jhallpik@bigpond.net.au)
- McLeod JG, Hammond SR, Hallpike JF. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Australia. MJA 1994; 160: 117-22.
- O’Connell HE. Randomised control trial bladder pressure management vs. management based on symptoms and residual volumes in patients with established multiple sclerosis. National Continence Management Strategy Report 2006; available from [url]: www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/Annual + Reports/multiple sclerosis.
- Taylor B, McDonald E, Fantino B, Sedal L, MacDonnell R, Pittas F. The cost of multiple sclerosis in Australia. J Clinical Neuroscience 2007; 14: 532-9.
- Frohman E, Racke M, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis – the plaque and its pathogenesis. New Engl J Med 2006; 354: 942-55.
- Barkhof F. The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Current Opinion in Neurology 2002; 15: 239-45.
- Medana IM, Esiri MM. Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases. Brain 2003; 126: 515-30.
- Brex PA, Leary SM, O’Riordan JI, Miszkiel KA, Plant GT, Thompson AJ. Measurement of spinal cord area in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70: 544-7.
- Herndon RM. Why secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is a relentlessly progressive illness. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 301-4.
- Hallpike JF. Multiple sclerosis – making the diagnosis. Australian Family Physician 1992; 21: 1407-10.
- McDonald WI, Compston A, Gilles E. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 2001; 50: 121-7.
- Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Durelli L, Edan G, Fernandez O, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study. The Lancet 2001; 357: 1576-82.
- Coles A. The curious incident of disability in multiple sclerosis trials. The Lancet Neurology 2006; 5: 899-900.
- Smith KJ. Axonal protection in multiple sclerosis – a particular need during remyelination? Brain 2006; 129: 3147-9.
- Prineas JW, McDonald WI. Demyelinating diseases. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL [eds]. Greenfield’s Neuropathology 6th Edition. London: Arnold, 1997: 815-68.
- Dalton CM, Chard DT, Davies GR, Miszkiel KA, Altmann DR, Fernando K et al. Early development of multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive grey matter atrophy in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes. Brain 2004; 127: 1101-7.
- Bermel RA, Bakshi R. The measurement and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology 2006; 5: 158-70.
- Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, Walker CJ, Sweeney JA, Little DM. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 2007; 130: 2508-19.
- Agosta F, Absinta M, Sormani MP, Hezzi AG, Bertoletto A, Montanari E, et al. In vivo assessment of cervical cord damage in MS patients: a longitudinal diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain 2007; 130: 2211-9.
- DeBoy CA, Zhang J, Dike S, Shats I, Jones M, Reich DS, et al. High resolution diffusion tensor imaging of axonal damage in focal inflammatory demyelinating lesions in rat spinal cord. Brain 2007; 130: 2199-210.
- Lin X, Tench CR, Turner B, Blumhardt LD, Constantinescu CS. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis over four years: application of a reproducible automated technique in monitoring disease progression in a cohort of the interferon beta-1a (Rebif) treatment trial. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1090-4.
- Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444-52.
- The Residential Care Manual 2005; 5:1-154; available from [url]: www.health.gov.au/ internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-publicat-manlist.htm.
- Noseworthy J, Miller D, Compston A. Disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. In: Compson A ed. McAlpine’s Multiple Sclerosis 4th Edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2005: 729-802.
- Hallpike JF. Is there anything new for multiple sclerosis? Current Therapeutics 1988; 29:77-96.
- Zivadinov R, Rudick RA, De Masi R, Nasuelli D, Ukmar M, Pozzi-Mucelli RS et al. Effects of IV methylprednisolone on brain atrophy in relapse-remitting MS. Neurology 2001; 57: 1239-47.
- Paul F, Dorr J, Wufel J, Vogel H-P, Zipp F. Early mitoxantrone-induced cardiotoxicity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosugery & Psychiatry 2007; 78: 198-200.
- Perini P, Calabrese M. Tiberio M. Mitoxantrone versus cyclophosphamide in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Journal of Neurology 2006; 253: 1034-40.
- Kappos L, Bates D, Hartung H-P, Havrdova E, Miller D, Polman C et al. Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. The Lancet Neurology 2007; 6: 431-41.
- Metz I, Lucchinetti F, Openshaw H, Garcia-Merina A, Lassmann H, Freedman MS et al. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation fails to stop demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 1254-62.
- Smith CR, Aisen ML, Scheinberg L. Symptomatic management of multiple sclerosis. In: McDonald WI, Silberberg DH eds. Multiple Sclerosis 1986. Butterworths International Medical Reviews Neurology, 6; 166-83.
- Scheinberg L, Holland NJ, Kirschenbaum M, Oaklander A, Geronemus DF. Comprehensive long-term care of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1981; 31: 1121-3.
- Haase RF(editor). Multiple sclerosis the mystery disease. National Multiple Sclerosis Society of Australia, 1985.
- The Residential Care Manual; 5: 1-154. Available from [url]: www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-publicat-manlist.htm.
- Braden BJ, Maklebust J. Preventing Pressure Ulcers with the Braden Scale. American Journal of Nursing 2005; 105: 70-2.
All content and media on the HealthEngine Blog is created and published online for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice and should not be relied on as health or personal advice. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. Never disregard the advice of a medical professional, or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this Website. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor, go to the nearest hospital emergency department, or call the emergency services immediately.