Intensified chemotherapy shows promise for children with very high-risk form of leukaemia

Young patients with an aggressive form of leukaemia who are likely to relapse after chemotherapy treatment can significantly reduce those odds by receiving additional courses of chemotherapy, suggest the findings of a clinical trial led by investigators at Dana-Farber/Children’s Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

The trial leaders will present the results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium study, which involved nearly 500 patients under age 18 with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) conference.

Trial participants received an initial course of “induction” chemotherapy for B-ALL, a cancer of the blood that is one of the most common cancers in children below age 15. After a month of treatment, the patients had a bone marrow sample sent for a test that is able to measure levels of leukaemia that cannot be seen under a microscope. Thirty-five of the patients were deemed to have a very high risk of relapsing because they retained relatively large numbers of leukaemia cells as measured by this test. An additional 16 patients were also considered very high-risk because their leukaemia cells had certain chromosomal abnormalities.

These 51 patients then received an intensified treatment regimen consisting of two additional rounds of chemotherapy using agents not typically given to newly diagnosed patients with B-ALL. This was followed by an intensified consolidation phase of therapy to keep the disease in remission, and then a standard maintenance phase to further deter the disease from returning.

Investigators estimate that, five years after reaching complete remission, the rate of event-free survival (a measure of survival without relapse or development of another cancer) was 76 percent for these very high-risk patients. By contrast, less than half of similar patients who receive standard chemotherapy reach the five-year mark without relapsing.

“Paediatric patients with B-ALL traditionally receive a standard course of chemotherapy if their risk of relapse is low, and a slightly intensified course if their risk is higher,” says the study’s lead author, Lynda Vrooman, MD, of Dana-Farber/Children’s Hospital Cancer Center. “In this study, we identified a new risk group – those with a very high risk of relapse – and studied the effect of a novel, even more intensive chemotherapy regimen on their outcome.”

“Though it involved a relatively small number of patients, the new trial is one of the first to show improved outcomes for this set of patients as a result of an intensified chemotherapy protocol,” says senior author Lewis Silverman, MD, of Dana-Farber/Children’s Hospital Cancer Center. Trial leaders will continue to track the study participants to gauge the durability of the remissions produced by the intensified treatment.

(Source: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)

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